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[null,"FY13 Project Management Plan\n\nA. Project Information"]
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[null,"Contact Information",{"$nulls":6},"Name",{"$nulls":8},"Phone",null,null,null,"Email",{"$nulls":4},"Program Element/Area",{"$nulls":17},"CTG (Critical Technology Goal Area)"]
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[null,"Company Contact or Lab Relationship Manager",{"$nulls":24},"Project Location Zip Code",{"$nulls":17},"Insert Gantt Chart (or equivalent) ►►"]
[null,"Principal Investigator",{"$nulls":24},"Performing Organization (Only Prime Recipient) ",{"$nulls":17},"Project Technology Readiness Level (TRL)"]
[null,"Co-Principal Investigator (if applicable)",{"$nulls":24},"Funding Partner(s) [Any partner or subcontractor who provides cost share]",{"$nulls":17},"Subject to Stage Gate Review?"]
[null,"Project Description (non-proprietary) "]
[null,"Summary of Project Objectives & Tasks (at the A, B, C, etc.level from Section C of PMP, non-proprietary)"]
[null,"Annual Work Plan FY2013 (typically 1-4 paragraph lengths of text or about 1/2 to 3/4 page of text)"]
[null,"Summary of Work to date (typically 2-6 paragraphs or about 1-2 pages of text )"]
[null,"Section B. Financial Description of Project "]
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[null,"C. Project Plan with tasks, subtasks, milestones, deliverables, Go No/Go decision points and including performance requirements and metrics"]
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{"sheet":"Appendix B Barriers","index":1,"n_rows":98,"n_cols":1,"rows_kept":98,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Program Barriers Addressed "]
[]
["Feedstock Integration"]
[]
["Ft-A Feedstock Availability and Cost: The lack of credible data on price, location, environmental sustainability, quality, and quantity of available biomass feedstocks creates uncertainty for investors and developers of emerging biorefinery technologies. Estimates of current and potential feedstock resources are limited in scope and do not consider how major advances in production technologies will impact future biomass availability. Established feedstock production history is required to assure investors/funding sources that the feedstock supply risk is sufficiently low. Reliable, consistent feedstock supply is needed to reduce financial, technical, and operational risk to a biorefinery."]
["Ft-B  Sustainable Production: Existing data on the productivity and environmental effects of biomass feedstock production systems and residue collection are not adequate to support lifecycle analysis of biorefinery systems. A number of sustainability questions (such as water and fertilizer inputs, establishment and harvesting impacts on soil, etc.) have not been comprehensively addressed.  New production technologies for feedstock systems such as algae are also required to address cost, productivity, and sustainability issues."]
["Ft-C  Feedstock Genetics and Development: The productivity and robustness of algae and other feedstocks used for biofuel production could be improved by selection, screening, breeding and/or genetic engineering.  This will require extensive ecological, genetic, and biochemical information, which is currently lacking for most algal species."]
["Ft-D  Sustainable Harvesting: Current crop harvesting machinery is unable to selectively harvest desired components of cellulosic biomass and address the soil carbon and erosion sustainability constraints. Biomass variability places high demand and functional requirements on biomass harvesting equipment. Current systems cannot meet the capacity, efficiency, or delivered price requirements of large cellulosic biorefineries, nor can they effectively deal with the large biomass yields per acre of potential new biomass feedstock crops. In addition, feedstock specifications and standards against which to engineer harvest equipment, technologies, and methods, do not currently exist. Specifically in the case of algal biomass, current harvesting and dewatering technologies are costly and energy- and resource-intensive.  "]
["Ft-G  Feedstock Quality and Monitoring: Physical, chemical, microbiological, and post-harvest physiological variations in feedstocks arising from differences in variety, geographical location, and harvest methods are not well understood. In addition, feedstock processing standards and specifications for feedstocks are not currently available. The quality characteristics of new cellulosic biomass feedstocks are less consistent than for grain, which have known quantity and highly consistent attributes. Grain-fed biorefineries rely on consistent feedstock to achieve design production rates, however new cellulosic crops have much higher variation depending on age, storage time, growing conditions, etc. "]
["Ft-H  Biomass Storage Systems:  Characterization and analysis of different storage methods and strategies are needed to better define storage requirements. Storage elements need to be understood as a function of feedstock source, biomass moisture, climate, storage time, and cost. Stored biomass that is or becomes wet is susceptible to spoilage, rotting, spontaneous combustion, and odor problems, therefore, the impact of these post-harvest physiological processes must be controlled to the benefit of biorefining processes and ensure consistent, high-quality feedstock supply."]
["Ft-J  Biomass Material Properties: Data on biomass quality and physical property characteristics for optimum conversion are limited. Methods and instruments for measuring physical and biomechanical properties of biomass are lacking. Information on moisture effects on quality and physical properties of biomass as affected by feedstock variability and climatic conditions is incomplete. "]
["Ft-K  Biomass Physical State Alteration:  The initial sizing and grinding of cellulosic biomass affects efficiencies and quality of all the downstream operations, yet little information exists on these operations with respect to the multiplicity of cellulosic biomass resources and biomass format requirements for biorefining. New technologies and equipment are required to process biomass between the field and conversion facilities. The harvest season for most crop-based cellulosic biomass is short, especially in northern climates, thus requiring preprocessing systems that facilitate stable biomass storage, densification, and blending for year-round feedstock delivery to the biorefinery."]
["Ft-L  Biomass Material Handling and Transportation: The capital and operating costs for the existing package-based equipment and facilities for handling cellulosic biomass are not cost-effective. The low density and fibrous nature of cellulosic biomass make it difficult and costly to collect, handle, and transport. For algal biomass, there is a need for characterization and analysis of collection, handling, and transportation systems."]
["Ft-M  Overall Integration and Scale-Up: Existing biomass harvesting, collection, storage, handling, and transport systems are not designed for the large-scale needs of integrated biorefineries. Feedstock logistics infrastructure has not been defined for various locations, climates, feedstocks, storage methods, etc. The lack of experience with integrating time-sensitive collection, storage, and delivery operations to ensure year-round supply of large amounts of consistent, quality biomass feedstock is a barrier to widespread implementation of sustainable biorefineries. Securing feedstock within these constraints is critical to reducing feedstock supply risk, therein reducing technical and operational risks of the biorefinery. The lack of understanding of variability of biomass resources and how this variability affects shelf life and processing yields are further barriers. Integration of one or more aspects of the feedstock supply system—either alone or in combination with biorefinery operations—may lead to overall efficiencies. Further, the lack of analysis quantifying benefits and drawbacks of potential integration options is a barrier to cost savings, biorefinery efficiency improvement, and reduction of technical risk. There is also significant potential for systems integration and optimization with current algal production and logistics systems. New technologies, engineering designs, and siting strategies are required to develop more efficient ways to use resources and energy in these systems for sustainable biofuels production."]
["Ft-N  Algal Feedstock Processing:  After cultivation and harvesting of algal feedstocks, algal biomass may require processing or fractionation into lipids, carbohydrates, and/or proteins before these individual components can be converted or further processed into the desired fuel or product.  Current technologies for algal fractionation and product extraction are not cost-competitive, scalable, or sustainable.  Options to circumvent or improve these processes exist, for example by conversion of whole algal biomass, or secretion or direct production of the desired fuel or product in culture, but little data exists on the cost, sustainability, and efficiency of these processes.   "]
[]
["Biochemical Conversion"]
[]
["Bt-A  Biomass Fractionation: Fractionation can be used to increase the value of the individual components in biomass prior to their subsequent conversion to products. Currently, the interactions between chemical, biological, solvation (ability to go into solution), and mechanical processes that ultimately allow biomass to be more efficiently fractionated into high purity components prior to conversion are insufficiently understood or simply too costly to implement commercially."]
["Bt-B  Biomass Variability: The characteristics of biomass feedstock materials can vary widely in terms of physical and chemical composition, size, shape, moisture content, and bulk density. These variations can make it difficult (or costly) to supply biorefineries with feedstocks of consistent, acceptable quality year-round.  Additionally, this feedstock variability affects overall conversion rate and product yield of biomass conversion processes."]
["Bt-C  Biomass Recalcitrance: Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are naturally resistant to chemical and/or biological degradation. The fundamental role of biomass structure and composition and the critical physical and chemical properties that determine the susceptibility of cellulosic substrates to hydrolysis are not well understood. This lack of understanding of the root causes of the recalcitrance of biomass limits the ability to direct efforts to improve the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of pretreatment and other fractionation processes."]
["Bt-D  Pretreatment Chemistry: Prehydrolysis of biomass, typically referred to as pretreatment, is required to break down the structure of biomass and increase its susceptibility to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase enzymes. There is a lack of understanding of critical physical and chemical properties that determine the susceptibility of cellulosic substrates to hydrolysis and the role that lignin and other pretreatment products play in impeding access to cellulose on a molecular level. Continued cost reductions in pretreatment technologies via improved sugar yields and quality require developing a better understanding of pretreatment process chemistries, including the kinetics of hemicellulose and cellulose hydrolysis."]
["Bt-E  Pretreatment Costs: Pretreatment reactors typically require expensive construction materials to resist acid or alkali attack at elevated temperatures. In addition, the impact of reaction configuration and reactor design on chemical cellulose prehydrolysis is not well understood. Developing lower-cost pretreatment depends on the ability to process the biomass in reactors designed for maximum solid levels and fabricated from cost-effective materials."]
["Bt-F  Cellulase Enzyme Production Cost: Cellulase enzymes remain a significant portion of the projected production cost of sugars from cellulosic biomass. Cost-effective enzyme production technologies are not currently available, although significant progress has been made through concerted efforts both within the Program and with industrial enzyme producers."]
["Bt-G  Cellulase Enzyme Loading: Reducing the cost of enzymatic hydrolysis depends on identifying more efficient enzyme preparations and enzyme hydrolysis regimes that permit more cost-effective and lower ratios of enzyme to substrate to be used. Currently available enzymes are not sufficiently thermotolerent and suffer from substantial resistance to sugar end-product inhibition. Developing enzymes that enable low-cost enzymatic hydrolysis technology requires more understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the biochemistry of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, including the impact of biomass structure on enzymatic cellulose decrystallization. Additional efforts aimed at understanding the interaction of cellulases with cellulose and the necessary process environment at a molecular level are needed to achieve the specific activity improvements which can further reduce cellulase cost."]
["Bt-I  Cleanup/Separation: Sugar solutions resulting from pretreatment and hydrolysis are impure, containing a mixture of sugars and a variety of non-sugar components. Potential impurities include acetic acid liberated upon hydrolysis of hemicellulose, lignin-derived phenolics solubilized during pretreatment, inorganic acids or alkalis or other compounds introduced during pretreatment, various salts, and hexose and pentose sugar degradation or transglycosylation products. The presence of some of the non-sugar components can inhibit microbial fermentation or biocatalysis or can poison chemical catalysts. Low-cost purification technologies need to be developed that can remove impurities from hydrolysates and provide concentrated, clean sugar feedstocks to manufacture biofuels and biobased products. "]
["Bt-J  Catalyst Development: There is a need for biological or chemical catalysts that can convert the sugar mixture and inhibitors in the hydrolysate broth derived from biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis for the production of advanced biofuels, bioproducts, and fuel intermediates.  Improvement in the robustness of catalysts, e.g. bacterial, fungal, algal, or chemical, and their ability to perform in hydrolysate broths can lead to significantly lower capital costs."]
["Bt-K  Biological Process Integration: Process integration remains a key technical barrier hindering development and deployment of biochemical conversion technologies. Biochemical conversion technologies currently present large scale-up risks given the lack of high-quality performance data on integrated processes carried out at the high solids conditions required for industrial operations. The effect of feed and process variations throughout the process must be understood to ensure robust, efficient biorefineries. Process integration work is essential for characterizing the complex interactions that exist between many of the processing steps, identifying unrecognized separation requirements, addressing bottlenecks and knowledge gaps, and generating the integrated performance data necessary to develop predictive mathematical models that can guide process optimization and scale-up. "]
["Bt-L  Biochemical/Thermochemical Interface:  Integration of the entire biorefinery is the final conversion barrier and overcoming it will require successful integration at the interfaces between the biochemical and thermochemical processes. Without planned and managed integration, the complete picture of biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals will not be clear enough to attract potential developers as the risks of commercialization will be too high for financiers. As conversion technologies mature, higher levels of integration will be feasible and second generation biorefineries are envisioned that will closely couple biochemical / thermochemical facilities, enabling the most efficient use of a wide range of feedstocks."]
[]
[]
["Thermochemical Conversion"]
[]
["Tt-A  Feeding Dry Biomass: In the near term, there are no significant barriers to feeding and handling dry wood or dry energy crop resources in atmospheric systems, provided they are of a relatively uniform particle size and chemical composition. In the longer term, there is a need for improvements in the processing and feeding of dry biomass including densification, logistics of handling, development of specifications, and removal of problematic chemical contaminants. Demonstrating reliable feeding of dry biomass into pressurized systems is also needed."]
["Tt-B  Feeding or Drying Wet Biomass: There is a need to understand the costs and trade-off for drying or feeding wet biomass feedstocks such as green biomass or wet lignin-rich fermentation residues. Innovative dryer designs capable of utilizing low-value process heat will be important to the integrated biorefinery. "]
["Tt-C  Gasification of Biomass:  There is a need to understand the chemistry and physical handling properties of biomass feedstocks, minor byproducts and co-products, and biorefinery residual solids. This includes developing an understanding of gasification options and their chemistries for materials including wood, energy crops, sorted municipal solid waste, agricultural residues high in minerals and lignin, and high-moisture organic residues."]
["Tt-E  Pyrolysis of Biomass and Bio-Oil Stabilization: The pyrolysis of biomass has been studied for some time, however, the resulting bio-oil is unstable and highly reactive. Improvements in pyrolytic processing—with or without catalysts—are needed to yield higher quality bio-oil that will lower subsequent upgrading costs and allow for greater commercial viability.  New methods and catalysts to clean and stabilize the bio-oil are needed to ensure the product is less reactive and stable for at least of six months; these advances include improved catalysts for deoxygenation and techniques for removal of solids from bio-oil."]
["Tt-G  Fuel Synthesis and Upgrading: Gasification Route – The commercial success of mixed alcohol synthesis or hydrocarbon liquids has been limited by poor selectivity and low product yields. More robust catalysts with increased productivity and selectivity with a biomass feedstock together with extended lifetimes are required to enable viable capital and operating costs. Pyrolysis Route – There is a need for hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts that are highly selective to the desired end product, robust with respect to the bio-oil (pyrolysis oil) impurities, and have high conversion rates and long lifetimes.  The development of robust catalysts for upgrading and hydrotreating bio-oils to produce liquid transportation fuels is vital for the success of these processes.  Bio-oils may be upgraded to different levels, allowing several entry points to a petroleum refinery. "]
["Tt-H  Validation of Syngas Quality: Syngas quality specifications for production of liquid fuel products like methanol/dimethyl ether, methylal, mixed alcohols and hydrocarbon liquids are reasonably well known. However, validation that syngas from biomass can meet the rigorous quality specifications needed for the production of liquid fuels via catalytic synthesis is still needed. "]
["Tt-I  Sensors and Controls: Effective process control will be needed to maintain plant performance and regulate emissions at target levels with varying load, fuel properties, and atmospheric conditions. Commercial control systems need to be developed and tested for thermochemical processes and systems. "]
["Tt-K  Thermochemical Process Integration: Thermochemical conversion technologies process integration currently presents large scale-up risks because of lack of high quality controlled process data on integrated systems over extended periods of time that would be required of industrial operations. The effect of feed and process variations throughout the process must be understood to ensure robust and efficient operation of biorefineries. Process integration work is essential for characterizing the complex interactions that exist between many of the processing steps; identifying impacts of trace components on catalytic and thermal systems; and enabling the generation of predictive engineering models that can guide process optimization and scale up."]
["Tt.- . Syngas Cleanup and Conditioning: There is a near-term need for gas cleaning and conditioning catalysts and technology that can cost-effectively remove contaminants such as tars, particulates, alkali, and sulfur. The interactions between the catalysts used for gas cleanup and conditioning, and the gasification conditions and feedstock are not well understood. These interactions require careful attention to trace contaminants and are important for efficient cleanup and conditioning of syngas in conjunction with optimal lifetimes of the catalyst(s)."]
[]
["Integrated Biorefineries"]
[]
["Im-A  Inadequate Supply Chain Infrastructure: The lack of commoditized feedstocks and feedstock infrastructure increases the uncertainty associated with a sustainable feedstock supply chain.  Variable composition, geographical diversity, and diverse physical characteristics increase the radius of collection and therefore, the delivered cost of feedstock. Once demand is established, the infrastructure is expected to grow accordingly. Producing and delivering commoditized feedstock in sufficient volume to support a commercial advanced biofuels industry will require incentive programs to stimulate the large capital investments needed for production, pre-processing, storage, and transport to commodity markets.  "]
["Im-B  Agricultural Sector-Wide Paradigm Shift: Energy production from biomass on a scale sufficient to meet EISA RFS goals, or those of a future Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), will require a series of major system changes that will take time to implement. Current harvesting, storage, and transportation systems are inadequate for processing and distributing biomass on the scale needed to support dramatically larger volumes of biofuels production.  "]
["Im-C  Lack of Understanding of Environmental/Energy Tradeoffs:  A systematic evaluation of expanded biofuels production impact on the environment and food supply for humans and animals is insufficient. Sufficient data needs to be generated from various operational facility designs to provide valid sustainability benchmarks for the nascent industry. Analytical tools are needed to facilitate consistent evaluation of energy benefits and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) impacts of all potential advanced biofuel feedstock and production processes.  EISA 2007 requires that all biofuels be evaluated for their reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in order to qualify under the RFS. Cellulosic biofuels, a subset of “advanced biofuels,” must achieve at least 60% reduction in GHG emissions relative to a 2005 baseline of the petroleum displaced, including indirect land use change.  Advanced biofuels must achieve at least 50% reduction in GHG emissions.  EPA has established the methodology for evaluating "]
["Im-D  High Risk of Large Capital Investments: Once emerging biomass technologies have been developed and tested, they must be commercially deployed. Financial barriers are the most challenging aspect of technology deployment. Capital costs for commercially viable facilities are relatively high, and securing capital for an unproven technology is extremely difficult. Lenders are hesitant to provide debt financing for first-of-a-kind commercial facilities, where the process performance cannot be adequately guaranteed.  For private investors to have the confidence to invest equity in biomass technology applications, the technology must be fully demonstrated and validated at commercial scale. Government assistance to validate proof of performance at the pilot, demonstration, and first-of-a-kind commercial scales is critical to successful deployment. "]
["Im-E  Lack of Industry Standards and Regulations: The lack of local, state, and federal regulations and inconsistency among existing regulations constrain development of the biomass industry. The long lead times associated with developing and understanding new and revised regulations for technology can delay or stifle commercialization and deployment. Consistent standards and sampling methods are lacking for feedstock supply and infrastructure, as well as for biofuel products and the associated distribution infrastructure. "]
["Im-F  Cost of Production: An overarching market barrier for biomass technologies is the inability to compete, in most applications, with fossil energy supplies and their established supporting facilities and infrastructure. Uncertainties in fossil energy price and supply continue to exert upward pressure on the price of petroleum-derived fuels and products. Nevertheless, reductions in production costs along the entire biomass supply chain, including feedstock supply, conversion processes, and product distribution, are needed to make advanced biofuels and bioproducts competitive with petroleum-derived analogs."]
["Im-G   Off-take Agreements: Production costs and hence selling price and profits of commodity fuels and chemicals based on crude oil are dependent on a fluctuating market.  The fact that petroleum companies and ethanol producers still return a profit in the face of these fluctuating markets indicates that off-take agreements or contracts have been formulated to address such issues. Generally these companies offer products on contract basis, but also sell on the spot market to generate the greatest return on investment. Off-take agreements can often take the form of fixed price contracts for 1-2 years followed by contracts fixed to a specific index such as the Chicago Board of Trade pricing.  The producer then must adjust their pro forma accounting and variable cost structure to account for such market fluctuations. "]
["It-A  End-to-End Process Integration: Successful deployment of the biorefinery business model is dependent on advances in biochemical and thermochemical biomass conversion process technologies. The biorefinery concept encompasses a wide range of technical issues related to collecting, storing, transporting, and processing diverse feedstocks, as well as the complexity of integrating new and unproven process steps. The demonstration and validation of total process integration from feedstock production to end product distribution is crucial as it impacts both performance and profitability."]
["It-B  Demonstration-Scale Facilities: As with all new process technologies, demonstrating sustained integrated performance that meets technical, environmental, and safety requirements at sufficiently large scale is an essential step toward commercialization. Demonstration-scale facilities that are capable of validating new integrated process technologies and generating the process performance parameters and equipment specifications for commercial-scale plant design are critical to successful commercial deployment. Additionally, increased understanding of the performance of integrated systems at demonstration scale will result in the optimization of process design configurations for commercial-scale facilities."]
["It-C  Risk of First-of-a-kind Technology: The first biorefineries will incorporate a variety of new technologies. The number and complexity of new process steps implemented in pilot- and demonstration-scale projects has been shown to be a strong predictor of future commercial performance shortfalls. Heat and mass balances, and their implications, are not likely to be well understood with regard to new technologies. In addition, the unanticipated buildup of impurities in process recycle streams can result in degradation of chemical performance, abrasion and corrosion of plant equipment, and deactivation of process catalysts."]
["It-E  Engineering Modeling Tools: The current level of understanding regarding fuels chemistry is insufficient for optimization, scale-up, and commercialization. In order to better understand how fuel chemistry affects commercial viability, rigorous computational fluid dynamic models are needed. Engineering modeling tools are also needed to address heat integration issues."]
[]
["Biofuels Distribution and End Use"]
[]
["Dm-A Availability of Biofuels Distribution Infrastructure: The infrastructure required to distribute and dispense large volumes of ethanol does not currently exist, which puts this biofuel at a disadvantage compared to conventional liquid transportation fuels that already have mature infrastructure. Ethanol is currently transported predominantly by rail and truck. Without large capital investments, these transport modes are expected to encounter significant congestion issues over the coming decades, especially in the Midwest.  Higher level ethanol blends, such as E85 (and other less compatible biofuels), require separate storage tanks and dispensers, and may require other material modifications at refueling stations. Most refueling stations are privately owned with relatively thin profit margins, and owners have been reluctant to invest in new infrastructure until the market is more fully developed. Further, some refueling stations may not have enough space available to add dispensers and new storage tanks. The scarcity of E85 refueling stations makes it difficult for consumers who own FFVs to use E85 and also makes it less likely that potential new consumers will purchase an FFV.  Petroleum-compatible biofuels may also require distribution infrastructure investment including east-west pipeline expansion. "]
["Dm-B Availability of Biofuel-Compatible Vehicles: Out of roughly 254 million passenger vehicles registered in the United States, only 8 million are E85-compatible FFVs, with many FFV owners not even aware that their vehicles are E85-compatible.  Vehicle manufactures are reluctant to invest in the production of additional FFVs until the dispensing infrastructure is in place."]
["Dm-C Market Uncertainty: There is uncertainty regarding the pace of development and commercialization of new biofuels technology. This uncertainty surrounding which biofuels will succeed in the short and long term adds risk to investment in biofuels infrastructure. Other factors, such as the price of oil, the pace of economic recovery, climate legislation and other policy measures also complicates investment decisions."]
["Dm-D  Higher Biofuel Delivery Costs:  Ethanol’s incompatibility with the existing petroleum fuel infrastructure, combined with the lower energy density of ethanol compared to petroleum fuels, results in higher delivery costs on per unit energy basis than for petroleum-based fuels. Compatible renewable hydrocarbon biofuels are expected to utilize existing petroleum delivery infrastructure."]
["Dt-A     Biofuels Pipeline Compatibility: Pipelines are generally the most efficient and cost-effective way to transport liquid fuels over long distances, but technical and logistical issues have prevented biofuels from being transported in the existing pipeline network. Ethanol blends have not been transported through the existing pipeline network in the United States due to materials compatibility concerns and operational issues. Biodiesel has not been pipelined due to concerns surrounding contamination of jet fuel. Other biofuels will likely need to overcome technical and logistical challenges as well. "]
["Dt-B     Codes, Standards and Approval for Use: New biofuels and biofuel blends must comply with federal, state, and regional regulations before introduction to the market. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a central role in approving new fuels for use; technical codes and standards are developed by organizations including ASTM International, American Petroleum Institute (API), and Underwriters Laboratory (UL); and safety, health, and environmental standards are developed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and others. Codes and standards are adopted by state and local jurisdictions to ensure product safety and reliability, and reduce liability. Limited data and technical information can delay approval for use and development of technical codes and standards for biofuels and related infrastructure components including pipelines, storage tanks, and dispensers. The approval process can take years and cost millions of d"]
[]
["BioPower"]
[]
["Pm-A  Cost of Biopower Production: Generating electricity from biomass is more expensive than generating from coal. This is especially true compared to coal used for baseload generation, which biomass could potentially directly replace more easily than other renewable resources. Numerous handling, processing, and logistical steps in delivering the feedstock adds to the cost of using biomass. Reductions in production costs along the entire biopower supply chain, including feedstock supply, transport, pretreatment and conversion processes, and power generation, are needed to make biopower competitive with coal-based power. "]
["Pm-B  Need for Consistent Policy Drivers and Regulations: The lack of federal policy supporting renewable energy, such as renewable portfolio standards (RPS), proposed EPA maximum available control technology (MACT) rules and GHG emissions control such as  a carbon cap, impede the development of  biomass for power generation. Many states have enacted their own RPS legislation, yielding an inconsistent mix of renewable energy implementation requirements and timetables. These programs have been important drivers for considering biopower in meeting their renewable generation mandates.  The need for clear policy guidance is critical to the advancement of biomass use in utility-scale power."]
["Pt-A  Cofiring Challenges:  Technical challenges for utilizing boilers designed for coal include: fuel sizing, fuel handling and injection, increased mass flow rates, carbon conversion, and emissions control issues, especially particulate and catalyst controls for NOX and potentially CO2.  Torrefying biomass minimizes the need for separate grinding operations from that of coal resulting in additional cost savings.  Cofiring poses numerous challenges to boiler operations stemming from differing fuel properties of biomass and coal when combusted. "]
["Pt-B  Need for Understanding of Environmental Tradeoffs: Electric utilities need clarification that cofiring for power generation will be deemed environmentally acceptable.  Understanding the overall changes in emissions from biomass cofiring will be critical to the acceptance of biopower as a sustainable renewable energy source."]
["Pt-C  Lack of Experience and Understanding of Impacts of Using Biomass and Engineered Biomass as Fuels: Utilities and Independent Power Producers (IPP) in the U.S. have limited knowledge and experience regarding the performance, characteristics, and impacts upon existing emissions equipment and the fly ash content resulting from using large quantities of upgraded biomass.  The variable composition of different feedstocks, and the lack of complete standardized specifications of upgraded biomass and best practices regarding their use will impede their consideration. The long lead times associated with developing and understanding new feedstock forms for existing coal plants will delay commercialization and deployment. "]
["Pt-D  Generating Upgraded Biomass for Power Plant Compatibility: Raw biomass feedstocks are not as dry, energy dense, or consistent a fuel source as coal. They are often incompatible with existing plant storage, handling, milling, and fuel feed systems. Many handling operations are required to make the biomass suitable for use. The challenge is to make raw feedstocks into a more cost-effective power source requiring fewer infrastructure modifications.  The development and demonstration of raw feedstock pretreatment and conversion processes, that can produce solid, liquid or gaseous fuels on a cost-competitive basis, are needed to improve performance of cofired power plants and advanced cycle systems.  The barriers to creating bio-oil via pyrolysis and syngas via gasification are discussed in depth in Thermochemical Conversion R&D Section 2.2.2.3."]
["Pt-E  Advanced Conversion Challenges: Advanced conversion systems (combined cycles, advanced gas turbines, reciprocating engines, and fuels cells) could be used for biopower if the fuel could be converted to a form and composition compatible with those technologies. Issues such as integrating biomass at high temperatures and pressures and designing new and better fuel feed systems must be addressed.  Feedstock conversion systems must be proven and scaled up to provide the necessary upgraded fuel forms required.  Improvements in technology to economically produce these solid, liquid, or gaseous biomass-derived fuels and integrating them into advanced conversion systems will be critical. This will allow the industry to leverage the considerable research done by others to develop and improve the power conversion technologies."]
["Pt-F  End-to-End Process Integration: Successful demonstration of large-scale biopower is dependent on advances in pretreatment and thermochemical conversion process technologies and their subsequent integration into advanced power systems. The demonstration, optimization, and validation of integrated processes, from feedstock production through biomass conversion to power distribution, are required to prove the economic and operational viability of biopower technologies and encourage their adoption by industry."]
[]
["Sustainability & Analysis"]
[]
["St-A   Scientific Consensus on Bioenergy Sustainability: While there is agreement on the general definition of sustainability, there is no consensus on its specific definition or ways to quantify how bioenergy sustainability should be measured (such as definitions, approaches, system boundaries, and time horizons). "]
["St-B   Consistent, Defensible Message on Bioenergy Sustainability:  The prevalence of misrepresentations of the effects of bioenergy – including assumptions, scenarios, and model projections that lack empirical underpinnings – creates confusion about the benefits of bioenergy production and leaves the industry vulnerable to criticism. "]
["St-C  Sustainability Data across the Supply Chain:  A fundamental hurdle is the lack of data to evaluate sustainability along the supply chain and to compare effects of one pathway with another.  The lack of adequate and accessible temporal and spatial data for measuring sustainability hinders other critical activities such as establishing baselines, determining targets for improvement, recommending best practices, and evaluating tradeoffs.  "]
["St-D   Indicators and Methodology for Evaluating Sustainability:  There is little agreement about operationally practical and effective methods to develop metrics, define baselines, set targets, and conduct lifecycle assessments to determine the impacts of bioenergy relative to other energy alternatives.  "]
["St-E  Best Practices for Sustainable Bioenergy Production:  Because bioenergy production is relatively new, few “best practices” are defined for all components of the bioenergy supply chain.  "]
["St-F   Systems Approach to Bioenergy Sustainability:  The sustainability of the entire supply chain is not considered in current assessments of technical feasibility and economic optimization.  No tools exist to allow researchers to consider the potential interactions and trade-offs among different goals (energy security, biodiversity protection, low-cost commodities) and different bioenergy scenarios.  "]
["St-G   Representation of Land Use:  The inability of existing data sources to capture the actual state of the landscape, a poor understanding of the processes that drive land-use change (LUC), and the lack of knowledge about the environmental and social consequences of LUC associated with bioenergy production, have undermined efforts to assess the environmental and social effects of bioenergy.  "]
["At-A      Lack of comparable, transparent and reproducible analysis:  Analysis results are strongly influenced by the datasets employed, as well as by the assumptions and guidelines established to frame the analysis. The lack of standardized datasets, assumptions, and guidelines makes results difficult to compare and integrate with the results of other analyses."]
["At-B      Limitations of analytical tools and capabilities for system-level analysis:  Current analysis tools and models are not sufficient in their current state to enable understanding of broader bioenergy supply-chain-wide systems, linkages, and dependencies.  Models need to be developed to understand these issues and their interactions. Improvements in component models and in linkages are necessary to make them more useful and consistent.  "]
["At-C     Inaccessibility and unavailability of data: To fully understand the biomass-to-bioenergy supply chain and its economic, environmental, and other impacts requires complete and comparable data. Current data are difficult to find, access, compile, and analyze. Some data that are required to understand all relevant dimensions of bioenergy production and use are unavailable or nonexistent."]
[]
["Market Transformation"]
[]
["Mm-A  Level of Industry and Consumer Acceptance and Awareness: To be successful in the marketplace, biomass-derived fuels and chemical products must perform as well or better than comparable petroleum- and fossil-based products. Industry partners and consumers must believe in the quality, value, sustainability, and safety of biomass-derived products and their benefits relative to the risks and uncertainties that widespread changes will likely bring.  Compared to other renewable technologies, consumer acceptance and awareness of biofuels and bioenergy technologies are varied. Impartial, reliable information regarding the economic and environmental benefits and impacts of increased bioenergy use is not always widely available. "]
["Mm-B  Inconsistent or Competing Policies and Drivers to Facilitate Multi-Sector Shifts: Expanding biofuels production to meet federal goals will require managing and responding to different market and policy drivers and considerable federal, state, and local investments.  Proper alignment and careful choice of policy tools across several different sectors is crucial.  Legislation may ultimately determine the future portfolio mix for bioenergy production and use. "]
["Mm-C  Insufficient or Inconsistent Regulations and Standards:  Certain local, state, and federal regulations are not yet fully developed or are inconsistent with existing regulations, which constrains the development of the bioenergy industry. Long lead times associated with developing and implementing new and revised regulations for technology can delay or stifle commercialization and deployment.  In addition, several organizations are in the process of developing voluntary certification schemes and standards processes for sustainable bioenergy; however, their implementation timeframes may align well with new technology commercialization and deployment timelines.   "]
[]
["Algae"]
["Al-B. Algal Fuel Production"]

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["1. Wet Mill Improvements Pathway "]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.1","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of technologies to improve corn wet mill facilities using corn grain feedstock"]
["M.1.1","Demonstrate and validate economical residual starch conversion in a wet mill"]
["M.1.1.1","Convert residual starch in fiber stream to EtOH"]
["M.1.1.2","Evaluate new feed product "]
["M.1.1.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.1.1.4","Validate new process in wet mill"]
["M.1.2","Demonstrate and validate economical fiber conversion to C5 and/or mixed C5/C6 sugars in a wet mill (residual starch also expected to be converted during fiber processing)"]
["M.1.2.1","Solubilize hemicellulose in fiber to C5 sugars"]
["M.1.2.2","Hydrolyze cellulose to C6 Sugar"]
["M.1.2.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.1.2.4","Evaluate new feed product "]
["M.1.2.5","Validate new process in wet mill"]
["M.1.3","Demonstrate and validate economical conversion of mixed sugars to ethanol in a wet mill"]
["M.1.3.1","Convert released sugars to ethanol"]
["M.1.3.2","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.1.3.3","Validate new process in wet mill"]
["M.1.4","Demonstrate and validate economical new products from C5 or mixed C5/C6 sugars in a wet mill"]
["M.1.4.1","Convert released C5 sugars to products"]
["M.1.4.2","Convert C5 sugars to building block chemicals"]
["M.1.4.3","Convert mixed sugars to products"]
["M.1.4.4","Convert mixed sugars to building block chemicals"]
["M.1.4.5","Convert building block chemicals to products"]
["M.1.4.6","Demonstrate product separation and recovery specification"]
["M.1.4.10","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.1.4.11","Validate new process in wet mill"]
["M.1.5","Demonstrate and validate economical new products from C6 sugars in a wet mill"]
["M.1.5.1","Convert C6 sugars to products"]
["M.1.5.2","Convert C6 sugars to building block chemicals"]
["M.1.5.3","Convert building block chemicals to products"]
["M.1.5.4","Demonstrate product separation and recovery specification"]
["M.1.5.5","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.1.5.6","Validate new process in wet mill"]
["M.1.6","Demonstrate and validate economical new products from corn-derived oils in a wet mill"]
["M.1.6.1","Convert corn derived oils to products"]
["M.1.6.2","Demonstrate product separation and recovery specification"]
["M.1.6.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.1.6.4","Validate new process in wet mill"]
["2. Dry Mill Improvements Pathway "]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.2","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of technologies to improve corn dry mill facilities using corn (or other) grain feedstock"]
["M.2.1","Demonstrate and validate economical residual starch conversion in a dry mill"]
["M.2.1.1","Conversion of residual starch to glucose"]
["M.2.1.2","Evaluate new feed product "]
["M.2.1.3","Conversion of converted glucose to ethanol"]
["M.2.1.4","Validate integrated process in a dry mill"]
["M.2.2","Demonstrate and validate economical fiber conversion in a dry mill (residual starch also expected to be converted during fiber processing)"]
["M.2.2.1","Convert fiber to monomer sugars"]
["M.2.2.2","Evaluate new feed product "]
["M.2.2.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.2.2.4","Validate new process in dry mill"]
["M.2.3","Demonstrate and validate economical conversion of mixed sugars to ethanol in a dry mill"]
["M.2.3.2","Convert released sugars to ethanol"]
["M.2.3.4","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.2.3.5","Validate new process in dry mill"]
["MI.1","Demonstrate and validate economical corn fiber-to-ethanol in a dry mill."]
["M.2.4","Demonstrate and validate economical conversion of mixed sugars to products in a dry mill"]
["M.2.4.1","Conversion targets from C6 sugars to building blocks"]
["M.2.4.2","Conversion targets from building blocks to products"]
["M.2.4.3","Demonstrate product separation and recovery specification"]
["M.2.4.4","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.2.4.5","Validate new process in dry mill"]
["M.2.5","Demonstrate and validate economical new products from C6 sugars in a dry mill"]
["M.2.5.1","Conversion targets from C6 sugars to building blocks"]
["M.2.5.2","Conversion targets from building blocks to products"]
["M.2.5.3","Product separation specification"]
["M.2.5.4","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.2.5.5","Validate new process in dry mill"]
["M.2.6","Demonstrate and validate economical front end fractionation processes in a dry mill"]
["M.2.6.1","Derive additional value added products from front end fractionation"]
["M.2.6.2","Evaluate new feed coproducts"]
["M.2.6.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.2.6.4","Validate new process in dry mill"]
["M.2.7","Investigate alternate sources for dry mill heat and power"]
["M.2.7.1","Thermochemical processing of fiber stream to heat, power "]
["M.2.7.2","Thermochemical processing of residues (i.e. corn stover) to heat, power "]
["M.2.7.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.2.7.4","Validate new process in dry mill"]
["3. Oil Mill Improvements Pathway "]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.3","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of technologies to improve oil processing mill facilities"]
["M.3.1","Demonstrate and validate economical and sustainable new oil crop production for production of biodiesel and other renewable diesel alternatives"]
["M.3.1.1","Demonstrate sustainable agronomic practices "]
["M.3.1.2","Demonstrate oil crop harvesting"]
["M.3.1.3","Demonstrate oil crop storage"]
["M.3.1.4","Demonstrate oil crop transportation"]
["M.3.1.5","Demonstrate quality and quantity of oil crop available"]
["M.3.1.6","Validate integrated oil crop logistics at pilot scale "]
["M.3.1.7","Validate integrated oil crop logistics at demonstration scale "]
["M.3.2","Demonstrate and validate economical new products from glycerol in a natural oil processing facility"]
["M.3.2.1","Convert glycerol to products"]
["M.3.2.2","Recover new products"]
["M.3.2.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.3.2.4","Validate integrated process in natural oil processing facility"]
["M.3.3","Demonstrate and validate economical new fuels from oils in natural oil processing facility"]
["M.3.3.1","Convert oil to fuels"]
["M.3.3.2","Recover fuels"]
["M.3.3.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.3.3.4","Validate integrated process in natural oil processing facility"]
["M.3.4","Demonstrate and validate economical new products from oils in natural oil processing facility"]
["M.3.4.1","Convert oil to products"]
["M.3.4.2","Convert oils to building block chemicals"]
["M.3.4.3","Convert building block chemicals to products"]
["M.3.4.4","Recover new products"]
["M.3.4.5","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M.3.4.6","Validate integrated process in natural oil processing facility"]
["M.3.5","Demonstrate and validate economical cleanup of waste fats and greases for fuel production"]
["M.3.5.1","Validate cleanup performance"]
["M.3.5.2","Validate integrated cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.3.5.3","Validate integrated process in natural oil processing facility"]
["4. Agricultural Residue Processing Pathway "]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.4","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of all key technologies to utilize agricultural residue feedstocks in existing or new facilities"]
["M.4.1","Demonstrate and validate integrated corn stover harvesting logistics"]
["M.4.1.1","Demonstrate sustainable corn agronomic practices that account for corn stover harvesting"]
["M.4.1.2","Demonstrate wet and dry corn stover harvesting"]
["M.4.1.3","Demonstrate wet and dry corn stover storage"]
["M.4.1.4","Demonstrate wet and dry corn stover  transportation"]
["M.4.1.5","Demonstrate wet and dry quality and quantity of corn stover available"]
["M.4.1.6","Demonstrate corn stover preprocessing benefits"]
["M.4.1.7","Validate integrated corn stover logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.4.1.8","Validate integrated corn stover logistics at demonstration scale "]
["M.4.2","Demonstrate and validate integrated wheat straw harvesting logistics"]
["M.4.2.1","Demonstrate sustainable wheat agronomic practices that account for wheat straw harvesting"]
["M.4.2.2","Demonstrate wet and dry wheat straw harvesting"]
["M.4.2.3","Demonstrate wet and dry wheat straw storage"]
["M.4.2.4","Demonstrate wet and dry wheat straw transportation"]
["M.4.2.5","Demonstrate wet and dry quality and quantity of wheat straw available"]
["M.4.2.6","Demonstrate wheat straw preprocessing benefits"]
["M.4.2.7","Validate integrated wheat straw logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.4.2.8","Validate integrated wheat straw logistics at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.3","Demonsrate and validate integrated rice straw harvesting logistics"]
["M.4.3.1","Demonstrate sustainable rice agronomic practices that account for rice straw harvesting"]
["M.4.3.2","Demonstrate wet and dry rice straw harvesting"]
["M.4.3.3","Demonstrate wet and dry rice straw storage"]
["M.4.3.4","Demonstrate wet and dry rice straw transportation"]
["M.4.3.5","Demonstrate wet and dry quality and quantity of rice straw available"]
["M.4.3.6","Demonstrate rice straw preprocessing benefits"]
["M.4.3.7","Validate integrated rice straw logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.4.3.8","Validate integrated rice straw logistics at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.4","Feedstock FlexIbility and Availability via Blending Depot or Elevator"]
["M.4.4.1","To be determined"]
["M.4.5","Demonstrate and validate ag residue fractionation to produce mixed, dilute biomass sugars"]
["M.4.5.1","Validate cellulase enzyme cost "]
["M.4.5.2","Validate pretreatment technology cost"]
["M.4.5.3","Demonstrate ability to economically satisfy internal heat and power demands"]
["M.4.5.4","Validate capital cost "]
["M.4.5.5","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at pilot scale "]
["M.4.5.6","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at demonstration scale "]
["M.4.5.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.4.6","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.4.6.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce ethanol "]
["M.4.6.2","Optimize ethanol separation "]
["M.4.6.3","Optimize integrated production of ethanol from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.4.6.4","Optimize integrated production of ethanol from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.7","Demonstrate and validate chemical building blocks, chemicals or materials from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.4.7.1","Optimize chemical building blocks production"]
["M.4.7.2","Optimize high value chemical production"]
["M.4.7.3","Optimize product separation "]
["M.4.7.4","Optimize integrated production of product(s) from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.4.7.5","Optimize integrated production of product(s )from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.8","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.4.8.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from lignin"]
["M.4.8.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.4.8.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.4.8.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.9","Demonstrate and validate fuel products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.4.9.1","Demonstrate direct fuel production from lignin"]
["M.4.9.2","Validate fuel product separation "]
["M.4.9.3","Validate integrated production of fuel(s)from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.4.9.4","Validate integrated production of fuels(s)from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.10","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power from lignin intermediates/residues"]
["M.4.10.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from lignin"]
["M.4.10.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.4.10.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.11","Demonstrate and validate lignin gasification to produce syngas"]
["M.4.11.1","Validate feeder system performance"]
["M.4.11.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M.4.11.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M.4.11.4","Validate capital costs"]
["M.4.11.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.4.11.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanupat demonstration scale "]
["M.4.12","Demonstrate and validate biomass gasification to produce syngas"]
["M.4.12.1","Validate feeder systems to reliably feed solid biomass to high pressure (30 bar) systems"]
["M.4.12.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M.4.12.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M.4.12.4","Validate capital costs"]
["M.4.12.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.4.12.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanupat demonstration scale "]
["M.4.12.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.4.13","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from mixed alcohols using lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.4.13.1","Demonstrate ethanol production from mixed alcohols"]
["M.4.13.2","Validate ethanol separation "]
["M.4.13.3","Validate integrated production of ethanol from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.4.13.4","Validate integrated production of ethanol from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["MT.19","Validate integrated corn stover/wheat straw-to-ethanol (via gasification) pilot operation."]
["M.4.14","Demonstrate and validate hydrogen production from lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.4.14.1","Demonstrate optimized hydrogen production from syngas"]
["M.4.14.2","Validate hydrogen separation/recovery "]
["M.4.14.3","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.4.14.4","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.15","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power production from lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.4.15.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from syngas"]
["M.4.15.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.4.15.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.16","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from lignin or biomass derived syngas "]
["M.4.16.1","Demonstrate non-ethanol fuel production from lignin or biomass-derived syngas"]
["M.4.16.2","Validate non-ethanol fuel separation "]
["M.4.16.3","Validate integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.4.16.4","Validate integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.17","Demonstrate and validate product(s) from lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.4.17.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production (C3-C5 alcohols) from syngas"]
["M.4.17.2","Validate product(s) separation "]
["M.4.17.3","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.4.17.4","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.18","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from 5 biomass sugars that are econonomically viable "]
["M.4.18.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce non-ethanol fuels"]
["M.4.18.2","Optimize non-ethanol fuel separation "]
["M.4.18.3","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.4.18.4","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuel from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.19","Demonstrate and validate biomass pyrolysis to produce pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.4.19.1","Validate feeder systems to reliably feed solid biomass to pyrolysis reactor high pressure (30 bar) systems"]
["M.4.19.2","Validate pyrolysis performance"]
["M.4.19.3","Validate pyrolysis oil cleanup performance"]
["M.4.19.4","Validate capital costs - ROI hurdle rate versus cost magnitude hurdle amount"]
["M.4.19.5","Validate integrated pyrolysis and pyrolysis oil cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.4.19.6","Validate integrated pyrolysis and pyrolysis oil cleanup at demonstration scale "]
["M.4.19.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.4.20","Demonstrate and validate fuels from pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.4.20.1","Demonstrate fuel production from pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.4.20.2","Validate fuel separation "]
["M.4.20.3","Validate integrated production of fuels from pyrolysis oil at pilot scale"]
["M.4.20.4","Validate integrated production of fuels from pyrolysis oil at demonstration scale"]
["M.4.21","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from pyrolysis oil intermediates"]
["M.4.21.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from pyrolysis oil"]
["M.4.21.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.4.21.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from pyrolysis oil at pilot scale"]
["M.4.21.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from pyrolysis oil at demonstration scale"]
["5. Perennial Crop Processing Pathway Milestones "]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.5","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of all key technologies to utilize perennial crops in existing or new facilities"]
["M.5.1","Demonstrate and validate integrated switchgrass production and harvesting logistics "]
["M.5.1.1","Demonstrate sustainable switchgrass agronomic practices "]
["M.5.1.2","Demonstrate wet and dry switchgrass harvesting"]
["M.5.1.3","Demonstrate wet and dry switchgrass storage"]
["M.5.1.4","Demonstrate wet and dry switchgrass transportation"]
["M.5.1.5","Demonstrate quality and quantity of switchgrass available"]
["M.5.1.6","Demonstrate switchgrass prepprocessing benefits"]
["M.5.1.7","Validate integrated switchgrass logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.5.1.8","Validate integrated switchgrass logistics at demonstration scale "]
["M.5.2","Demonstrate and validate integrated woody crop harvesting logistics "]
["M.5.2.1","Demonstrate sustainable woody crop agronomic practices "]
["M.5.2.2","Demonstrate woody crop harvesting"]
["M.5.2.3","Demonstrate woody crop storage"]
["M.5.2.4","Demonstrate woody crop transportation"]
["M.5.2.5","Demonstrate quality and quantity of woody crops available"]
["M.5.2.6","Demonstrate woody crop preprocessing benefits"]
["M.5.2.7","Validate integrated woody crop logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.5.2.8","Validate integrated woody crop logistics at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.3","Feedstock FlexIbility and Availability via Blending Depot or Elevator"]
["M.5.3.1","To be determined"]
["M.5.4","Demonstrate and validate switchgrass fractionation to produce mixed biomass sugars"]
["M.5.4.1","Validate cellulase enzyme cost"]
["M.5.4.2","Validate pretreatment technology cost"]
["M.5.4.3","Demonstrate ability to economically satisfy internal heat and power demands"]
["M.5.4.4","Validate capital cost"]
["M.5.4.5","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at pilot scale "]
["M.5.4.6","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at demonstration scale "]
["M.5.4.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.5.5","Demonstrate and validate woody crop fractionation to produce mixed, dilute biomass sugars"]
["M.5.5.1","Validate cellulase enzyme cost"]
["M.5.5.2","Validate pretreatment technology cost"]
["M.5.5.3","Demonstrate ability to economically satisfy internal heat and power demands"]
["M.5.5.4","Valicate capital cost"]
["M.5.5.5","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at pilot scale "]
["M.5.5.6","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at demonstration scale "]
["M.5.5.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.5.6","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from 5 biomass sugars "]
["M.5.6.1","Validate ethanol production"]
["M.5.6.2","Validate ethanol separation/recovery "]
["M.5.6.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.5.6.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.7","Demonstrate and validate products from 5 biomass sugars "]
["M.5.7.1","Validate chemical building blocks production"]
["M.5.7.2","Validate high value chemical production"]
["M.5.7.3","Validate product separation "]
["M.5.7.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.5.7.5","Validate integrated production of product(s)from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.8","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.5.8.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from lignin"]
["M.5.8.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.5.8.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.5.8.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.9","Demonstrate and validate fuel products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.5.9.1","Demonstrate direct fuel production from lignin"]
["M.5.9.2","Validate fuel product separation "]
["M.5.9.3","Validate integrated production of fuel(s)from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.5.9.4","Validate integrated production of fuels(s)from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.10","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power from lignin intermediates/residues"]
["M.5.10.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from lignin"]
["M.5.10.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.5.10.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.11","Demonstrate and validate lignin gasification to produce syngas"]
["M.5.11.1","Validate feeder system performance"]
["M.5.11.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M.5.11.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M.5.11.4","Validate capital costs - ROI hurdle rate versus cost magnitude hurdle amount"]
["M.5.11.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.5.11.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at demonstration scale "]
["M.5.12","Demonstrate and validate biomass gasification to produce syngas"]
["M.5.12.1","Validate feeder systems to reliably feed solid biomass to high pressure (30 bar) systems"]
["M.5.12.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M.5.12.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M.5.12.4","Validate capital costs"]
["M.5.12.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.5.12.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanupat demonstration scale "]
["M.5.12.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.5.13","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from mixed alcohols using lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.5.13.1","Demonstrate ethanol production from mixed alcohols"]
["M.5.13.2","Validate ethanol separation "]
["M.5.13.3","Validate integrated production of ethanol from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.5.13.4","Validate integrated production of ethanol from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.14","Demonstrate and validate hydrogen production from lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.5.14.1","Demonstrate optimized hydrogen production from syngas"]
["M.5.14.2","Validate hydrogen separation/recovery "]
["M.5.14.3","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.5.14.4","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.15","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power production from lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.5.15.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from syngas"]
["M.5.15.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.5.15.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.16","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from lignin or biomass derived syngas "]
["M.5.16.1","Demonstrate non-ethanol fuel production from lignin or biomass-derived syngas"]
["M.5.16.2","Validate non-ethanol fuel separation "]
["M.5.16.3","Validate integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.5.16.4","Validate integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.17","Demonstrate and validate product(s) from lignin or biomass derived syngas"]
["M.5.17.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production (C3-C5 alcohols) from syngas"]
["M.5.17.2","Validate product(s) separation "]
["M.5.17.3","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.5.17.4","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.18","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from 5 biomass sugars that are econonomically viable "]
["M.5.18.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce non-ethanol fuels"]
["M.5.18.2","Optimize non-ethanol fuel separation "]
["M.5.18.3","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.5.18.4","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuel from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.19","Demonstrate and validate biomass pyrolysis to produce pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.5.19.1","Validate feeder systems to reliably feed solid biomass to pyrolysis reactor high pressure (30 bar) systems"]
["M.5.19.2","Validate pyrolysis performance"]
["M.5.19.3","Validate pyrolysis oil cleanup performance"]
["M.5.19.4","Validate capital costs - ROI hurdle rate versus cost magnitude hurdle amount"]
["M.5.19.5","Validate integrated pyrolysis and pyrolysis oil cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.5.19.6","Validate integrated pyrolysis and pyrolysis oil cleanup at demonstration scale "]
["M.5.19.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.5.20","Demonstrate and validate fuels from pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.5.20.1","Demonstrate fuel production from pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.5.20.2","Validate fuel separation "]
["M.5.20.3","Validate integrated production of fuels from pyrolysis oil at pilot scale"]
["M.5.20.4","Validate integrated production of fuels from pyrolysis oil at demonstration scale"]
["M.5.21","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from pyrolysis oil intermediates"]
["M.5.21.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from pyrolysis oil"]
["M.5.21.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.5.21.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from pyrolysis oil at pilot scale"]
["M.5.21.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from pyrolysis oil at demonstration scale"]
["6. Forest Resources Processing "]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.6","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of technologies to improve pulp and paper mill facilities and/or produce additional products  (fuels, chemicals and /or power) from wood feedstock in a pulp and paper mill environment"]
["M.6.1","Demonstrate and validate integrated logging residue and forest thinnings collection and logistics "]
["M.6.1.1","Demonstrate sustainable logging practices "]
["M.6.1.2","Demonstrate logging residue collection"]
["M.6.1.3","Demonstrate forest thinnings collection"]
["M.6.1.4","Demonstrate logging residue and forest thinnings transportation"]
["M.6.1.5","Demonstrate quality and quantity of logging residue and forest thinnings available"]
["M.6.1.6","Demonstrate logging residue and forest thinnings preprocessing benefits"]
["M.6.1.7","Validate integrated logging residue and forest thinnings logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.6.1.8","Validate integrated logging residue and forest thinnings logistics at demonstration scale "]
["M.6.2","Demonstrate and validate integrated fuel treatment biomass collection and logistics"]
["M.6.2.1","Demonstrate fuel treatment biomass collection"]
["M.6.2.2","Demonstrate fuel treatment biomass storage"]
["M.6.2.3","Demonstrate fuel treatment biomass transportation"]
["M.6.2.4","Demonstrate fuel treatment biomass quality and quantity of  available"]
["M.6.2.5","Demonstrate fuel treatment biomass preprocessing benefits"]
["M.6.2.6","Validate integrated fuel treatment biomass logistics in prototype equipment "]
["M.6.2.7","Validate integrated fuel treatment biomass logistics at demonstration scale"]
["M.6.3","Demonstrate and validate forest resources fractionation to produce mixed, dilute biomass sugars"]
["M.6.3.1","Validate cellulase enzyme cost "]
["M.6.3.2","Validate pretreatment technology cost"]
["M.6.3.3","Demonstrate ability to economically satisfy internal heat and power demands"]
["M.6.3.4","Validate capital cost "]
["M.6.3.5","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at pilot scale "]
["M.6.3.6","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at demonstration scale "]
["M.6.3.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.6.4","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.6.4.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce ethanol "]
["M.6.4.2","Optimize ethanol separation "]
["M.6.4.3","Optimize integrated production of ethanol from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.6.4.4","Optimize integrated production of ethanol from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.6.5","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.6.5.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce non-ethanol fuels"]
["M.6.5.2","Optimize fuel separation "]
["M.6.5.3","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.6.5.4","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.6.6","Demonstrate and validate chemical building blocks, chemicals or materials from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.6.6.1","Optimize chemical building blocks production"]
["M.6.6.2","Optimize high value chemical production"]
["M.6.6.3","Optimize product separation "]
["M.6.6.4","Optimize integrated production of product(s) from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.6.6.5","Optimize integrated production of product(s) from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.6.7","Demonstrate and validate fuel products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.6.7.1","Demonstrate direct fuel production from lignin"]
["M.6.7.2","Validate fuel product separation "]
["M.6.7.3","Validate integrated production of fuel(s) from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.6.7.4","Validate integrated production of fuels(s) from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.6.8","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.6.8.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from lignin"]
["M.6.8.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.6.8.3","Validate integrated production of product(s) from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.6.8.4","Validate integrated production of product(s) from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.6.9","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power from lignin intermediates/residues"]
["M 6.9.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from lignin"]
["M 6.9.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M 6.9.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M  6.10","Demonstrate and validate lignin gasification to produce syngas"]
["M  6.10.1","Validate feeder system performance"]
["M  6.10.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M  6.10.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M  6.10.4","Validate capital cost "]
["M  6.10.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M  6.10.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at demonstration scale "]
["M 6.11","Demonstrate and validate cost-effective biomass gasification of wood, forest residues and other process residues and synthesis gas cleanup in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.11.1","Develop cost effective gasification designs for syngas production at appropriate scale"]
["M 6.11.2","Validate feeder system performance to reliably feed solids to high pressure (30 bar) systems)"]
["M 6.11.3","Validate gasification performance"]
["M 6.11.4","Validate cost-effective gas cleanup performance"]
["M 6.11.5","Validate integrated biomass gasification and syngas cleanup process at pilot scale"]
["M 6.11.6","Validate integrated biomass gasification and syngas cleanup process in a forest resources mill environment"]
[null,"Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M 6.12","Demonstrate and validate  production of ethanol from syngas in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.12.1","Produce mixed alcohols from syngas  "]
["M 6.12.2","Recover ethanol fuel product"]
["M 6.12.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M 6.12.4","Validate new process in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.13","Demonstrate and validate production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.13.1","Produce non-ethanol fuel from biomass syngas"]
["M 6.13.2","Recover fuel product"]
["M 6.13.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M 6.13.4 ","Validate new process in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.14","Demonstrate and validate hydrogen production from lignin or biomass derived syngas forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.14.1","Demonstrate optimized hydrogen production from syngas"]
["M 6.14.2","Validate hydrogen separation/recovery "]
["M 6.14.3","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M 6.14.4","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M 6.15","Demonstrate and validate product(s) from lignin or biomass derived syngas forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.15.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material productionfrom syngas"]
["M 6.15.2","Validate product(s) separation "]
["M 6.15.3","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M 6.15.4","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M 6.16","Demonstrate and validate syngas utilization for combined heat and power  in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.16.1","Verify fuel gas quality to levels necessary for CHP or clean cold gas consuming equipment"]
["M 6.16.2","Validate CHP from syngas and/or direct use of sygas in process equipment"]
["M 6.16.3","Validate integrated process at pilot scale"]
["M 6.16.4","Validate new process in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M  6.17","Demonstrate and validate bio-oil production to a stable intermediate forest resources mill environment"]
["M  6.17.1","Validate bio-oil production"]
["M  6.17.2","Validate bio-oil inermediate recovery"]
["M  6.17.3","Validate integrated process for producing bio-oil at pilot scale "]
["M  6.17.4","Demonstrate and validate new process in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M  6.17.5","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M  6.18.","Achieve cost-effective conversion bio-oil intermediate into product(s) in a  forest resources mill environment"]
["M  6.18.1","Validate production of products from bio-oil"]
["M  6.18.2","Validate bio-oil product(s) recovery"]
["M  6.18.3","Validate integrated process for producing bio-oil product at pilot scale "]
["M  6.18.4","Validate integrated process in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M  6.19.","Achieve cost-effective conversion bio-oil intermediate into product(s) in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M  6.19.1","Validate production of products from bio-oil"]
["M  6.19.2","Validate bio-oil product(s) recovery"]
["M  6.19.3","Validate integrated process for producing bio-oil product at pilot scale "]
["M  6.19.4","Validate integrated process in a forest resources mill environment"]
["M 6.20","Demonstrate and validate cost-effective extraction of C5 and C6 sugars from hemicellulose upstream of the pulp digestor in a pulp mill without negatively impacting paper quality"]
["M 6.20.1","Meet yield target for C5 and C6 sugars without negatively impacting paper quality"]
["M 6.20.2","Meet sugar upgrading requirements"]
["M 6.20.3","Meet targets for recovery of other intermediates"]
["M 6.20.4","Validate integrated sugar extraction process at pilot scale"]
["M 6.20.5","Validate sugar extraction process in pulp and paper mill"]
["M 6.21","Demonstrate and validate reliable and economic gasification of spent pulping liquor, recycle liquor causticization, chemical recovery and gas cleanup in a pulp mill "]
["M 6.21.1","Validate reliable and economic performance of gasification of spent pulping liquor "]
["M 6.21.2","Validate cost effective causticization and return Na based pulping chemicals"]
["M 6.21.3","Validate advantages of co-gasification of spent pulping liquors and other forms of biomass (woody, recycle paper streams, and bio-oil)"]
["M 6.21.4","Validate process chemical recovery from spent pulping liquor syngas"]
["M 6.21.5","Validategas cleanup technologies on spent pulping liquor syngas"]
["M 6.21.6","Validate integrated black liquor gasification, causticization, chemical recovery and gas cleanup process at pilot scale "]
["M 6.21.7","Validate integrated black liquor gasification, causticization, chemical recovery and gas cleanup process  in pulp and paper mill "]
["7. Waste Processing Pathway"]
["Milestone #","Milestone Title"]
["M.7","Complete systems level demonstration and validation of technologies to process waste biomass streams to produce fuels, chemicals and /or power."]
["M.7.1","Demonstrate and validate fractionation of carbohydrate rich waste streams to produce mixed, dilute biomass sugars"]
["M.7.1.1","Validate cellulase enzyme cost "]
["M.7.1.2","Validate pretreatment technology cost"]
["M.7.1.3","Demonstrate ability to economically satisfy internal heat and power demands"]
["M.7.1.4","Validate capital cost"]
["M.7.1.5","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at pilot scale "]
["M.7.1.6","Validate integrated pretreatment and  enzymatic hydrolysis at demonstration scale "]
["M.7.1.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.7.2","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.7.2.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce ethanol "]
["M.7.2.2","Optimize ethanol separation "]
["M.7.2.3","Optimize integrated production of ethanol from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.7.2.4","Optimize integrated production of ethanol from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.3","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.7.3.1","Validate fermentation of all 5 sugars to produce non-ethanol fuels"]
["M.7.3.2","Optimize non-ethanol fuel separation "]
["M.7.3.3","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.7.3.4","Optimize integrated production of non-ethanol fuel from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.4","Demonstrate and validate chemical building blocks, chemicals or materials from 5 biomass sugars"]
["M.7.4.1","Optimize chemical building blocks production"]
["M.7.4.2","Optimize high value chemical production"]
["M.7.4.3","Optimize product separation "]
["M.7.4.4","Optimize integrated production of product(s)from sugars at pilot scale"]
["M.7.4.5","Optimize integrated production of product(s)from sugars at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.6","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.7.6.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from lignin"]
["M.7.6.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.7.6.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.7.6.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.5","Demonstrate and validate fuel products from lignin intermediates"]
["M.7.5.1","Demonstrate direct fuel production from lignin"]
["M.7.5.2","Validate fuel product separation "]
["M.7.5.3","Validate integrated production of fuel(s)from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.7.5.4","Validate integrated production of fuels(s)from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.7","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power from lignin intermediates/residues"]
["M.7.7.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from lignin"]
["M.7.7.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at pilot scale"]
["M.7.7.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from lignin at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.8","Demonstrate and validate lignin gasification to produce syngas"]
["M.7.8.1","Validate feeder system performance"]
["M.7.8.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M.7.8.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M.7.8.4","Validate capital costs"]
["M.7.8.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.7.8.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanupat demonstration scale "]
["M.7.9","Demonstrate and validate waste biomass gasification to produce syngas"]
["M.7.9.1","Validate feeder systems to reliably feed solid biomass to high pressure (30 bar) systems"]
["M.7.9.2","Validate gasification performance"]
["M.7.9.3","Validate gas cleanup performance"]
["M.7.9.4","Validate capital costs"]
["M.7.9.5","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.7.9.6","Validate integrated gasification and gas cleanupat demonstration scale "]
["M.7.9.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.7.10","Demonstrate and validate ethanol from mixed alcohols using lignin or waste biomass derived syngas"]
["M.7.10.1","Demonstrate ethanol production from mixed alcohols"]
["M.7.10.2","Validate ethanol separation "]
["M.7.10.3","Validate integrated production of ethanol from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.7.10.4","Validate integrated production of ethanol from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.11","Demonstrate and validate non-ethanol fuels from lignin or waste biomass derived syngas "]
["M.7.11.1","Demonstrate non-ethanol fuel production from lignin or biomass-derived syngas"]
["M.7.11.2","Validate non-ethanol fuel separation "]
["M.7.11.3","Validate integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.7.11.4","Validate integrated production of non-ethanol fuels from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.12","Demonstrate and validate hydrogen production from lignin or waste biomass derived syngas"]
["M.7.12.1","Demonstrate optimized hydrogen production from syngas"]
["M.7.12.2","Validate hydrogen separation/recovery "]
["M.7.12.3","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.7.12.4","Validate integrated production of hydrogen from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.13","Demonstrate and validate product(s) from lignin or waste biomass derived syngas"]
["M.7.13.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from syngas"]
["M.7.13.2","Validate product(s) separation "]
["M.7.13.3","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.7.13.4","Validate integrated production of product(s) from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.14","Demonstrate and validate combined heat and power production from lignin or waste biomass derived syngas"]
["M.7.14.1","Demonstrate combined heat and power production from syngas"]
["M.7.14.2","Validate integrated production of heat and power from syngas at pilot scale"]
["M.7.14.3","Validate integrated production of heat and power from syngas at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.15","Demonstrate and validate waste biomass pyrolysis to produce pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.7.15.1","Validate feeder systems to reliably feed solid biomass to pyrolysis reactor high pressure (30 bar) systems"]
["M.7.15.2","Validate pyrolysis performance"]
["M.7.15.3","Validate pyrolysis oil cleanup performance"]
["M.7.15.4","Validate capital costs "]
["M.7.15.5","Validate integrated pyrolysis and pyrolysis oil cleanup at pilot scale "]
["M.7.15.6","Validate integrated pyrolysis and pyrolysis oil cleanup at demonstration scale "]
["M.7.15.7","Validate feed flexibility in integrated system"]
["M.7.16","Demonstrate and validate fuels from pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.7.16.1","Demonstrate fuel production from pyrolysis oil intermediate"]
["M.7.16.2","Validate fuel separation "]
["M.7.16.3","Validate integrated production of fuels from pyrolysis oil at pilot scale"]
["M.7.16.4","Validate integrated production of fuels from pyrolysis oil at demonstration scale"]
["M.7.17","Demonstrate and validate high value chemical and material products from pyrolysis oil intermediates"]
["M.7.17.1","Demonstrate high value chemical/material production from pyrolysis oil"]
["M.7.17.2","Validate product separation "]
["M.7.17.3","Validate integrated production of product(s)from pyrolysis oil at pilot scale"]
["M.7.17.4","Validate integrated production of product(s)from pyrolysis oil at demonstration scale"]
["8. Algae Pathway"]
["M.8"]
["M.8.1","Algal feedstock production"]
["M.8.1.1","Development of technically viable, sustainable and cost effective algae production"]
["M.8.2","Algal conversion technologies"]
["M.8.2.1","Development of technically viable, sustainable and cost effective fuel production from algae"]
["9. Infrastructure and Fuels Utilization Pathway"]
["M.9"]
["M.9.1","Alcohol Biofuels Utilization"]
["M.9.1.1","Determination of the technical feasibility, economic viability and environmental impacts of alcohol biofuels in infrastructure and end-use applications"]
["M.9.2","Non-alcohol Biofuels Utilization"]
["M.9.2.1","Determination of the technical feasibility, economic viability and environmental impacts of non-alcohol biofuels in infrastructure and end-use applications"]

{"sheet":"Appendix D Technology Readiness","index":3,"n_rows":22,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":22,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Technology Readiness Levels"]
[]
["Identifier","Description","Example","Output"]
["TRL-1","Basic principles observed and reported:\nThis is lowest level of technology readiness. Scientific research begins with a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications or products in mind. The knowledge or understanding will later be translated into applied research and development.","An example might include studies of a technology's basic properties.","Published papers, new innovations"]
["TRL-2","Technology concept and/or application formulated:\nInvention begins. Once basic principles are observed, practical applications can be invented. Applications are speculative and there may be no proof or detailed analysis to support the assumptions. Practical application invented. Research to improve feasibility.","Examples are still limited to analytical studies.","Published papers, patents, preliminary investigation"]
["TRL-3","Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof of concept:\nActive research and development is initiated. This includes analytical studies and laboratory studies to physically validate analytical predictions of separate elements of the technology. ","Examples include components that are not yet integrated or representative.","Patents, prototypes of various unit operations built"]
["TRL-4","Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment:\nBasic technological components are integrated to establish that they will work together. This is relatively \"low fidelity\" compared to the eventual system."," Examples include integration of \"ad hoc\" hardware in the laboratory.","Patents, integrated prototypes, informs engineering scale designs, possible application of Stage Gate Processing."]
["TRL-5","Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment:\nFidelity of breadboard technology increases significantly. The basic technological components are integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements so it can be tested in a simulated environment. ","Examples include \"high fidelity\" laboratory integration of components.","Integrated prototypes at bench scale, informs pilot plant designs, IP owned or licensed, initiation of Stage Gate Process/tracking."]
["TRL-6","System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment:\nRepresentative model or prototype system, which is well beyond that of TRL-5, is tested in a relevant environment. This represents a major step up in a technology's demonstrated readiness. ","Examples include testing a prototype in a high-fidelity laboratory environment or in simulated operational environment.","Integrated prototypes at pilot scale, informs demonstration scale designs. Progress through the Stage Gate Process."]
["TRL-7","System prototype demonstration in a operational environment:\nThis represents a major step up from TRL-6. It requires the demonstration of an actual system prototype in an operational environment, such as in a light duty vehicle on the road. ","Examples include testing at demonstration scale in simulated operational environment.","Integrated prototypes at the demonstration scale, informs commercial scale designs."]
["TRL-8","Actual system completed and qualified through test and Demonstration: Technology has been proven to work in its final form and under expected conditions. In almost all cases, this RL-8 represents the end of true system development. ","Examples include developmental test and evaluation of the system in its intended parent system to determine if it meets design specifications."]
["TRL-9","Actual system proven through successful mission operations: The technology is applied and operated in its final form and under real life conditions, such as those encountered in operational test and evaluation. In almost all cases, this is the end of the last \"bug fixing\" aspects of true system development. ","Examples include using the system under various real life conditions.","Integrated prototypes at the commercial scale. Operational procedures that are nearly complete."]
[]
["Definitions:"]
[null,"BREADBOARD: Integrated components that provide a representation of a system/subsystem and that can be used to determine concept feasibility and to develop technical data. These tools are typically configured for laboratory use to demonstrate technical principles of immediate interest. These may resemble final system/subsystem in function only."]
[null,"\"HIGH FIDELITY\": Addresses form, fit and function. High-fidelity laboratory environment would involve testing with equipment that can simulate and validate all system specifications within a laboratory setting."]
[null,"\"LOW FIDELITY\": A representative of the component or system that has limited ability to provide anything but first order information about the end product. Low fidelity assessments are used to provide trend analysis."]
[null,"MODEL: A functional form of a system generally reduced in scale, near or at operational specification. Models will be sufficiently developed to allow demonstration of the technical and operational capabilities required of the final system."]
[null,"OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT: Environment that addresses all of the operational requirements and specifications required of the final system to include platform/packaging."]
[null,"PROTOTYPE: The first early representation of the system that offers the expected functionality and performance expected of the final implementation. Prototypes will be sufficiently developed to allow demonstration of the technical and operational capabilities required of the final system."]
[null,"RELEVANT ENVIRONMENT: Testing environment that simulates the key aspects of the operational environment."]
[null,"SIMULATED OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL: Either 1) a real environment that can simulate all of the operational requirements and specifications required of the final system, or 2) a simulated environment that allows for testing of a virtual prototype; used in either case to determine whether a developmental system meets the operational requirements and specifications of the final system."]

{"sheet":"Reference","index":4,"n_rows":474,"n_cols":29,"rows_kept":474,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Program_Element","_1_Feedstocks","_2_Biochemical","_3_Thermochemical","_4_Products","_5_Integrated_Biorefineries","_6_Program Support","_9_Algae","_10_BioPower","Infrastructure & Market Expansion","_11_Sustainability & Analysis","Program C Milestones","Milestone_Type","TRL Levels","Status","Stage_Gate","B&R",null,"Tasks","HQ_TM","HQ_TM_Phone","HQ_TM_Email","PO","PO_Phone","PO_Email","PM","PM_Phone","PM_Email","CTG"]
["_1_Feedstocks","Ft-A","Bt-A","Tt-A",null,"Im-A",null,"Ft-N","Pm-A","Dm-A","St-A","M.1.1.1","C - Project Level Supports a B ML","TRL-1",null,"Yes ",1004170,"TC","A","Alicia Lindauer","ALT 202-586-8847","alicia.lindauer@ee.doe.gov","Alicia Lindauer","ALT 202-586-8847","alicia.lindauer@ee.doe.gov","Art Wiselogel","aw 720-356-1272","art.wiselogel@go.doe.gov","Feedstocks"]
["_2_Biochemical","Ft-B","Bt-B","Tt-B",null,"Im-B",null,"Bt-J","Pm-B","Dm-B","St-B","M.1.1.2","D - Project Level - Supports a C Level","TRL-2",null,"No",1004171,"BC","B","Alison Goss Eng","AGE 202-586-9109","alison.gosseng@ee.doe.gov","Alison Goss Eng","AGE 202-586-9109","alison.gosseng@ee.doe.gov","Clayton Rohman","cr 720-356-8748","clayton.rohman@go.doe.gov","Algae"]
["_3_Thermochemical","Ft-C","Bt-C","Tt-C",null,"Im-C",null,null,"Pt-A","Dm-C","St-C","M.1.1.3","E - Project Internal Tracking","TRL-3",null,null,1004172,"Feedstocks","C","Brian Duff","BD 720-356-1526","brian.duff@go.doe.gov","Bryna Berendzen","BB 720-356-1442","bryna.berendzen@go.do.gov","Christine English","ce 720-356-1324","christine.english@go.doe.gov","Biomass to Sugars"]
["_4_Products","Ft-D","Bt-D","Tt-E",null,"Im-D",null,null,"Pt-B","Dm-D","St-D","M.1.1.4","DL - Project Deliverable","TRL-4",null,null,1004173,"IBR","D","Elliott Levine","EL 202-586-1649","elliott.levine@ee.doe.gov","Christy Sterner","CS 720-356-1788","christy.sterner@go.doe.gov","Cynthia Tyler","ct 720-356-1294","cynthia.tyler@go.doe.gov","Sugars to Products"]
["_5_Integrated_Biorefineries","Ft-G","Bt-E","Tt-G",null,"Im-E",null,null,"Pt-C","Dt-A","St-E","M.1.2.1","GN - Go No/Go Decision","TRL-5",null,null,1004174,"Products","E","John Ferrell","JF 202-586-6745","john.ferrell@ee.doe.gov","Elliott Levine","EL 202-586-1649","elliott.levine@ee.doe.gov","Dan Warneke","dw 720-356-1304","dan.warneke@go.doe.gov","Biomass to Oil"]
["_6_Program Support","Ft-H","Bt-F","Tt-H",null,"Im-F",null,null,"Pt-D","Dt-B","St-F","M.1.2.2","JL - Programmatic Joule Milestone","TRL-6",null,null,1005299,"Algae Feedstocks","F","Joyce Yang","JY 202-586-8438","joyce.yang@go.doe.gov","Gene Petersen","GP 720-356-1746","gene.petersen@go.doe.gov","Evan Mueller","em 720-356-1390","evan.mueller@go.doe.gov","Oil to Products"]
["_9_Algae","Ft-J","Bt-G","Tt-I",null,"Im-G",null,null,"Pt-E","Mm-A","St-G","M.1.2.3",null,"TRL-7",null,null,1005300,"Algae Conversion","G","Kevin Craig","KC 720-356-1493","kevin.craig@go.doe.gov","Glenn Doyle","GD 720-356-1521","glenn.doyle@go.doe.gov","Gina Lynch","gl 720-356-1370","gina.lynch@go.doe.gov","Gasification"]
["_10_BioPower","Ft-K","Bt-I","Tt-K",null,"It-A",null,null,"Pt-F","Mm-B","At-A","M.1.2.4",null,"TRL-8",{"$nulls":4},"H","Leslie Pezzullo","LP 202-586-1514","leslie.pezzullo@ee.doe.gov","John Ferrell","JF 202-586-6745","john.ferrell@ee.doe.gov","Jessica Phillips","jp 720-356-1292","jessica.phillips@go.doe.gov"]
["_11_Sustainability & Analysis","Ft-L","Bt-J","Tt.-",null,"It-B",null,null,null,"Mm-C","At-B","M.1.2.5",null,"TRL-9",{"$nulls":4},"I","Melissa Klembara","MK 202-586-0031","melissa.klembara@ee.doe.gov","Joyce Yang","JY 202-586-8438","joyce.yang@go.doe.gov","Josh Messner","jm 720-356-1287","joshua.messner@go.doe.gov"]
["Infrastructure & Market Expansion","Ft-M","Bt-K",null,null,"It-C",{"$nulls":4},"At-C","M.1.3.1",{"$nulls":6},"J","Neil Rossmeissl","NR 202-586-8668","neil.rossmeissl@ee.doe.gov","Kevin Craig","KC 720-356-1493","kevin.craig@go.doe.gov","Kara Stephens","ks 720-356-1275","kara.stephens@go.doe.gov"]
[null,"Ft-N","Bt-L",null,null,"It-E",{"$nulls":5},"M.1.3.2",{"$nulls":6},"K","Paul Grabowski","PG 202-586-0478","paul.grabowski@ee.doe.gov","Kristen Johnson","KJ 202-587-5206","kristen.johnson@ee.doe.gov","Trevor Smith","ts 720-356-1301","trevor.smith@go.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.3.3",{"$nulls":6},"L","Sam Tagore","ST 202-586-9210","sam.tagore@ee.doe.gov","Leslie Pezzullo","LP 202-586-1514","leslie.pezzullo@ee.doe.gov","Will Schrode","ws 720-356-1384","will.schrode@go.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.1",{"$nulls":6},"M","Travis Tempel","TT 202-586-1618 ","travis.tempel@ee.doe.gov","Liz Moore","LM 720-356-1392","liz.moore@go.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.10",{"$nulls":6},"N","Valerie Sarisky-Reed","VSR 202-586-8015","valerie.sarisky-reed@ee.doe.gov","Melissa Klembara","MK 202-586-0031","melissa.klembara@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.11",{"$nulls":6},"O","Zia Haq","ZH 202-586-2869 ","zia.haq@ee.doe.gov","Neil Rossmeissl","NR 202-586-8668","neil.rossmeissl@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.2",{"$nulls":6},"P","Christy Sterner","CS 720-356-1788","christy.sterner@go.doe.gov","Paul Grabowski","PG 202-586-0478","paul.grabowski@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.3",{"$nulls":6},"Q","Steve Thomas","ST 720-356-1797","steven.thomas@go.doe.gov","Roxanne Dempsey","RD 720-356-1518","roxanne.dempsey@go.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.4",{"$nulls":6},"R","Liz Moore","LM 720-356-1392","liz.moore@go.doe.gov","Sam Tagore","ST 202-586-9210","sam.tagore@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.5",{"$nulls":6},"S",null,null,null,"Steve Thomas","ST 720-356-1797","steven.thomas@go.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.4.6",{"$nulls":6},"T",null,null,null,"Travis Tempel","TT 202-586-1618 ","travis.tempel@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.5.1",{"$nulls":6},"U",null,null,null,"Valerie Sarisky-Reed","VSR 202-586-8015","valerie.sarisky-reed@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.5.2",{"$nulls":6},"V",null,null,null,"Zia Haq","ZH 202-586-2869 ","zia.haq@ee.doe.gov"]
[{"$nulls":11},"M.1.5.3",{"$nulls":6},"W"]
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